地球编年史 主题选项

[胡杨]

生物演化理论始终为生物学和古生物学家所关注，也吸引着社会公众的广泛兴趣，如全球生物大灭绝事件及其后的复苏、生物大类别的起源、生物多样性的发育和演变等，都是国际演化生物学研究的热点。生物发展史是由一个个缓慢、平稳变化的正常时期和快速、剧烈变化的非常时期相互交替的历史。长期的正常时期总被短暂的非常时期所打断。
记得大学里的教授在讲古生物学时，述及生命演化时，动则上溯到几百万年前。通过地史的演化和地层化石的记录，来探索生命的起源和演化进程。地球是一个具有演变过程和历史发展的复杂球体。地壳覆盖着塑性地幔，地幔包裹着炽热的地核，经历了分离、对流、漂移、碰撞等巨大变化，形成我们今天的地球模样，并将继续演变下去。认识地球编年史—地质历史时期板块的演化基本规律，能加深对人类生活环境及其共生生物亲密关系的理解，更好地保护我们生存的家园。
以下图片反映的是一部简明地球编年史。

[胡杨]

Late Precambrian Supercontinent and Ice House World This map illustrates the break-up of the supercontinent, Rodinia, which forme d 1100 million years ago. The Late Precambrian was an "Ice House" World, much like the present-day.
前寒武纪晚期超大陆和“冰室”世界（距今6亿5千万年前）




Cambrian: the beginning of the Paleozoic Era Animals with hard-shells appeared in great numbers for the first time during the Cambrian. The continents were flooded by shallow seas. The supercontinent of Gondwana had just formed and was located near the South Pole.
寒武纪：古生代的开始（距今5亿1,400万年前） ，具有硬壳的生物在寒武纪第一次大量出现。诸大陆为浅海所泛滥。超大陆冈瓦那开始在南极附近形成。




Ancient Oceans Separate the Continents During the Ordovician ancient oceans separated the barren continents of Lauren tia, Baltica, Siberia and Gondwana. The end of the Ordovician was one of the coldest times in Earth history. Ice covered much of the southern region of Go ndwana.
奥陶纪
古海洋隔开诸大陆（距今4亿5,800万年前）
奥陶纪时，古海洋分隔开劳伦西亚、波罗地、西伯利亚和冈瓦那大陆。奥陶纪末期是地球历史上最寒冷的时期之一。冈瓦那大陆的南方完全为冰所覆盖。

[胡杨]

Continents Begin to Collide as Paleozoic Oceans Close Laurentia collides with Baltica closing the northen branch of the Iapetus Ocea n and forming the "Old Red Sandstone" continent. Coral reefs expand and land plants begin to colonize the barren continents.
志留纪
古生代海洋闭合，诸大陆开始碰撞（距今4亿2,500万年前）
劳伦西亚与波罗地大陆的碰撞闭合了巨神海的北面，并形成了“老红砂岩”（Old Red Sandstone）大陆。珊瑚礁扩张，陆生植物开始覆盖荒芜的大陆。
大陆碰撞导致斯堪地那维亚半岛上的加里东山脉(Caledonide Mts.)的形成，以及大不列颠北部、格陵兰和北美东海岸的阿帕拉契山脉(Appalachian Mts.)的形成。



The Devonian Was the Age of Fish! By the Devonian the early Paleozoic oceans were closing, forming a "pre-Pangea ". Freshwater fish were able to migrate from the southern hemisphere continen ts to North America and Europe. Forests grew for the first time in the equato rial regions of Artic Canada.
泥盆纪：鱼类的时代（距今3亿9千万年前）
泥盆纪时，古生代早期海洋闭合，形成“前盘古（pre-Pangea）”大陆。淡水鱼类从南半球迁徙至北美和欧洲。森林首次在赤道附近的古加拿大生长。
植物大量生长，形成了今天加拿大北部、格陵兰北部和斯堪的纳维亚的煤炭。



During the Early Carboniferous Pangea Begins to Form During the Early Carboniferous the Paleozoic oceans between Euramerica and Gon dwana began to close, forming the Appalachian and Variscan mountains. An ice cap grew at the South Pole as four-legged vertebrates evolved in the coal swa mps near the Equator.
石炭纪早期盘古大陆开始形成（距今3亿5,600万年前）
石炭纪早期，欧美大陆(Euramerica)和冈瓦那大陆间的古生代海洋闭合，形成阿帕拉契山脉(Appalachian Mts.)和维利斯堪山脉(Variscan Mts.)。南极开始形成冰帽，同时四足脊椎动物在赤道附近的煤炭沼泽开始发展。

[胡杨]

The Late Carboniferous a Time of Great Coal Swamps By the Late Carboniferous the continents that make up modern North America and Europe had collided with the southern continents of Gondwana to form the wes tern half of Pangea. Ice covered much of the southern hemisphere and vast coa l swamps formed along the equator.
石炭纪晚期：巨大煤炭沼泽的时代（距今3亿600万年前）
石炭纪晚期，由北美及欧洲组成的大陆与南方的冈瓦那大陆碰撞，形成了盘古大陆(Pangea)的西半部分。南半球大部分被冰所覆盖，而巨大的煤炭沼泽则沿着赤道形成。
以赤道为中心，盘古大陆从南极延伸至北极，并将古地中海(Paleo-Tethys Ocean)与古大洋(panthalassic)分隔在东、西两侧。



At the end of the Permian was Greatest Extinction of All Time Vast deserts covered western Pangea during the Permian as reptiles spread acr oss the face of the supercontinent. 99% of all life perished during the extin ction event that marked the end of the Paleozoic Era
二叠纪末期：自古至今最大的灭绝（距今2亿5,500万年前）
二叠纪时，巨大的沙漠覆盖了西盘古大陆。同时爬行动物扩散到整个超大陆。99%的生物在灭绝事件中消失，标志着古生代的终结。




At the end of the Triassic, Pangea began to rift apart. The supercontinent of Pangea, mostly assembled by the Triassic, allowed land a nimals to migrate from the South Pole to the North Pole. Life began to redive rsify after the great Permo-Triassic extinction and warm-water faunas spread a cross Tethys
三叠纪末期，盘古大陆形成（距今2亿3,700万年前）
形成于三叠纪的盘古超大陆使陆生动物可以从南极迁徙到北极。在二叠纪-三叠纪大灭绝之后，生命开始重新多样化。同时，暖水生物群落扩散到整个古地中海（Tethys Ocean）。

[胡杨]

Early Jurassic, the Dinosaurs spread across Pangea By the Early Jurassic, south-central Asia had assembled. A wide Tethys ocean separated the northern continents from Gondwana. Though Pangea was intact, th e first rumblings of continental break up could be heard.
侏罗纪早期：恐龙遍布盘古大陆（距今1亿9,500万年前）
侏罗纪早期，中南亚开始形成。宽广的古地中海将北方大陆与冈瓦那大陆分隔开。尽管盘古大陆依然完整，不过可以听到大陆开始分裂的隆隆声。



Pangea Begins to Rift Apart The supercontinent of Pangea began to break apart in the Middle Jurassic. In the Late Jurassic the Central Atlantic Ocean was a narrow ocean separating Afr ica from eastern North America. Eastern Gondwana had begun to separate form Western Gondwana.
盘古大陆开始分裂（距今1亿5,200万年前）
侏罗纪中期，盘古大陆开始分裂。侏罗纪晚期，中大西洋是将非洲与北美东部隔开的狭窄海洋。东冈瓦那大陆开始与西冈瓦那大陆分离。



New Oceans Begin to Open During the Cretaceous the South Atlantic Ocean opened. India separated from M adagascar and raced northward on a collision course with Eurasia. Notice that North America was connected to Europe, and that Australia was still joined to Antarctica
新的大洋张开（距今9,400万年前）
白垩纪时南大西洋张开。印度从马达加斯加分离，加速向北对着欧亚大陆撞去。值得注意的是，北美仍与欧洲相连，澳大利亚仍然是南极洲的一部分。
白垩纪时全球的气候比现在要温暖。恐龙与棕榈树出现在现在的北极圈，南极洲以及澳洲南部。虽然白垩纪早期的极区可能会有一些冰帽存在，但是整个中生代都没有任何大规模的冰帽出现过。

[胡杨]

The End of the Dinosaurs The bull's eye marks the location of the Chicxulub impact site. The impact o f a 10 mile wide comet caused global climate changes that killed the dinosaurs and many other forms of life. By the Late Cretaceous the oceans had widened, and India approached the southern margin of Asia
恐龙时代的终结（距今6,600万年前）
希克苏鲁伯（Chicxulub）撞击地球。这个直径16千米的彗星的撞击导致了全球气候变化，恐龙和许多其他种类的生物因此而灭绝。白垩纪晚期，海洋继续拓宽，印度接近亚洲南缘。



During the Early Cenozoic India began to Collide with Asia 50 - 55 million years ago India began to collide with Asia forming the Tibeta n plateau and Himalayas. Australia, which was attached to Antarctica, began t o move rapidly northward
新生代早期：印度开始撞击亚洲（距今5,020万年前）
5千万至5千5百万年前，印度开始撞击亚洲，形成了青藏高原和喜马拉雅山脉。原本与南极洲相连的澳洲，此时也开始迅速向北移动。



The World Assumes a Modern Configuration 20 million years ago, Antarctica was coverd by ice and the northern continents were cooling rapidly. The world has taken on a "modern" look, but notice tha t Florida and parts of Asia were flooded by the sea.
世界显出现代构造（距今1,400万年前）
2千万年前，南极洲被冰雪所覆盖，同时北方各个大陆迅速冷却。世界看起来和现代相似

[胡杨]

The Earth has been in an Ice House Climate for the last 30 million years When the Earth is in its "Ice House" climate mode, there is ice at the poles. The polar ice sheet expands and contacts because of variations in the Earth's orbit (Milankovitch cycles). The last expansion of the polar ice sheets took place about 18,000 years ago.
过去3千万年来地球进入冰室气候（距今18,000年前）
当地球处于“冰室”气候时，两极皆被冰雪覆盖。极区冰盖因为地球轨道变化（米兰柯维奇旋回Milankovitch Cycle）而扩张。最后一次极区冰盖扩张发生在18,000年前。



The Present-day world has well defined climatic zones. We are entering a new phase of continental collision that will ultimately result in the formation of a new Pangea supercontinent in the future. Global climate is warming because we are leaving an Ice Age and because we are adding greenhouse gases to the atmosphere
现今世界有定义明确的气候带
我们进入了大陆碰撞的新阶段，这最终会在未来形成新的盘古超大陆。全球气候在变暖，因为我们正在脱离冰川时代，同时也因为我们向大气层中排放温室气体。



This is the way the World may look like 50 million years from now! If we continue present-day plate motions the Atlantic will widen, Africa will collide with Europe closing the Mediterranean, Australia will collide with S.E. Asia, and California will slide northward up the coast to Alaska
这可能是地球5千万年后的样子（距今5千万年后）
如果今天的板块继续运动，大西洋将会拓宽，非洲会与欧洲碰撞，并使地中海闭合，澳洲将会与东南亚碰撞，加利福尼亚将向北滑移到阿拉斯加海岸之上。

[胡杨]

The Atlantic Ocean begins to Close New subduction zones along the eastern coasts of North America and South Ameri ca will begin to consume the ocean floor separating North America from Africa. About 100 million years from now the present-day Mid-Atlantic Ridge will be subducted and the continents will come closer together.
大西洋开始闭合（距今1亿5千万年后）
沿着北美和南美东海岸将产生新的潜没带，这将消耗掉分开北美和非洲的海底。距今1亿年后大西洋中脊将潜没，各个大陆将逐渐靠拢。



"Pangea Ultima" will form 250 million years in the Future. The next Pangea, "Pangea Ultima" will form as a result of the subduction of th e ocean floor of the North and South Atlantic beneath eastern North America an d South America. This supercontinent will have a small ocean basin trapped at its center.
终极盘古大陆将在2亿5年万年后形成（距今2亿5千万年后）
北大西洋和南大西洋的海底将会潜没在北美和南美之下，结果产生第二个盘古大陆——“终极盘古大陆”。这个超大陆中央会陷下一个小洋盆。

资料来源：www.scotese.com

[胡杨]

灌水成功

[鹡鸰]

长知识了～～真是合就必分，分就必合呀～～呵呵

[上尉]

这真是雪里送炭啊！多年以前它就深深吸引了我......感谢胡杨！本上尉全收下了。

[岩鹭]

人肯定胜不了天的。

[猫头鹰]

简明。好图。

呵呵~ 再过些万年，冰川融化，水淹一大片，分就合了。